
Spirax
Marshall, in joint venture with
Spirax Sarco, UK, manufactures a
wide range of steam equipment. Spirax
Marshall Steam traps, valves, regulators,
injectors and modules for the economical
utilisation of steam, set the standard
in steam efficiency optimisation.
Pressure reducing stations, steam
meters and automatic blowdown systems
help in optimising steam efficiency
during distribution and utilisation.
Spirax Marshall has one of the widest
ranges of steam traps for the process
and utility industry - The Thermodynamic
trap, Inverted bucket trap, Float
trap, balanced pressure thermostatic
trap, moisture separators, disc
check valve and Steam trap monitor.
In your process you move
steam, use steam, depressurise steam,
inject steam, throttle steam, condense
steam, and reuse steam's heat. We
make products that increase the
efficiency of your entire process
to save you energy and money. At
every stage of your process, you
need steam at the right pressure,
the right temperature and the correct
dryness.
Spirax manufacture a range of products
that ensure the steam reaching your
equipment is exactly what your process
needs at each and every stage. Our
range of Spirax steam traps are
available in all types, sizes and
materials. So when we recommend
a trap for your application, you
can be sure it meets your requirements
perfectly, not just our product
range.
Thermodynamic
SteamTraps (TD)
Spirax Sarco patented the thermodynamic
design in 1953; today it is still
the world’s most versatile and reliable
trap. The compact design features
a mirror-polished, differentially
hardened disc and seat for long
life and a tight seal. They also
provide excellent resistance to
water hammer.
TD 3
The TD 3 is a thermodynamic steam
trap with an inbuilt strainer and
a full stainless steel construction,
best suited for header and mainline
drains and drop legs. This trap
with screwed ends is suitable upto
36 bar and with socket weldable
ends is suitable upto 42 bar and
425°C.
UTD 3 – with pipeline connector
(CSTA)
The Spirax Marshall's compact steam
trapping station formed by connecting
the Universal Steam Trap to the
Pipeline Connector is solution offered,
as an effort to impart compactness
and ease of installation & operation
of the steam trap and trap handling
equipment. The main components of
a compact steam trapping station
are Pipeline Connector &, Universal
Connector Thermodynamic Steam Trap.
A pipeline connector consists of
single piston stem housing two piston
valves on it having strainer at
the inlet. These valves can be operated
simultaneously with the help of
the hand wheel attached. The pipeline
connector comes with three additional
drain valves viz. The bypass valve,
the trap depressurization valve
and the trap test valve. All these
valves are nothing but glandless
Piston Valves.
TD
62 (Flanged Connections) ASTM Body
The TD 62 is a maintainable high
pressure thermodynamic steam trap
with an integral strainer specifically
designed for steam main line drainage
applications upto 62 bar. An aluminium
insulating cover is fitted as a
standard to prevent the trap being
unduly influenced by excessive heat
loss when subjected to low ambient
temperatures, wind or rain.
Max. Allowable pressure is 103 bar.
Max. Allowable temperature is 525°C.
Screwed/Socket Weld.
End Connect – with ANSI/DIN flanges
available.
TD 120
The TD 120 is a maintainable high
pressure thermodynamic steam trap
which can be supplied in 1/2 inch,
3/4 inch and 1 inch sizes with socket
weld, butt weld or flanged connections.
It has low capacity specifically
for mains drainage applications
upto 250 bar.
Max. Allowable pressure is 250 bar.
Max. Allowable temperature is 550°C
.
TD 21
The TD 21 is a thermodynamic steam
trap with an inbuilt strainer and
a full stainless steel construction,
best suited for header and mainline
drains and drop legs.
Max. Allowable pressure is 21 bar.
Max. Allowable temperature is 425°C.
TD 259
The TD 259 is a maintainable thermodynamic
steam trap for use on instrument
tracing or any small bore steam
heating installations. It can be
provided with an anti- airbinding
disc for quick startup on bat.
Spirax
float traps (FT-14/20/42/44 ) &
compressed air traps (CA -10/14/20)
Keep your steam costs at
the lowest possible by eliminating
all possibility of steam leaks and
waterlogging with the continuous
discharge Float trap. A float type
steam trap is the right choice for
process applications. By continuously
discharging condensate as it forms,
float steam traps eliminate the
problems of increased steam consumption
and water-hammer. A single steam
trap can save you more than Rs 20,000
per year in steam costs! Spirax
Marshall’s Process Float steam traps
are the preferred choice of leading
process plants across the country.
Scores of Tyre, Pharmaceutical,
Textile, Chemical and Paper plants
have already benefitted by replacing
their old Thermodynamic and inverted
bucket steam traps with the Process
Float steam trap. With paybacks
in just days instead of months,
it’s a small investment for big
profits!
Ball Float Steam Trap FT-10
The FT-10 ball float steam trap
is a condensate drain steam trap
of cast iron body and stainless
steel internals.
Ball Float Steam Trap (Screwed)
FT-14
The FT 14 is an SG iron ball float
steam trap with integral automatic
air venting facility.
It is available with horizontal
connections with flow from right
to left FT 14 (R-L), from left to
right FT 14 (L-R) or with vertical
connections with flow downwards
FT 14(V).
As an option, a manually adjustable
needle valve can be added for use
as a steam lock release and is designated
FT 14-C. This is available in all
three flow configurations
.
Ball Float Steam Trap (Flanged)
FT-14
The FT 14 is an SG iron ball float
steam trap with integral automatic
air venting facility and flanged
connections. It is available with
horizontal connections with flow
from right to left FT 14 (R-L),
from left to right FT 14 (L-R).
Vertical connections with flow downwards
FT 14(V) is a site modified option.
As an option, a manually adjustable
needle valve can be added for use
as a steam lock release and is designated
FT 14-C. This is available in all
three flow configurations.
Ball Float Steam Trap FT-20
The FT-20 Ball Float Steam Trap
is a condensate drain steam trap
of cast steel body, cover and stainless
steel internals.
'Spirax Sarco' Ball Float
Steam Trap FT-44
The FT-44 is a Ball Float Steam
Trap with two thermostatic air vents.
CA-10
CA-10 is a condensate drain trap
of cast iron body and cover for
compressed air and other pressurized
gases. The trap body is equalised
with the pressure in the system
through the balancing connection
on top of the trap body.
CA-20
CA-20 is a condensate drain trap
of cast steel body and cover for
compressed air and other pressurized
gases. The trap body is equalised
with the pressure in the system
through the balancing connection
on top of the trap body.
Spirax
Air Eliminator (AE14/20), Air Vents
(AV21,AVDT),AE 30 and AE 30H
The 'Spirax Sarco' AE 30 and AE
30H automatic air vents are designed
for use on hot and cold water installations
and are manufactured using materials
which meet the requirements of the
National Water Council. The body
and cap are of a special brass alloy
which is resistant to dezincification.
Versions are available with a check
valve fitted in the discharge orifice
and are designated AE 30 CV and
AE 30H CV.
AE 20 and AE 20S
The AE 20 and AE 20S are float type
automatic air and gas vents for
liquid systems.The body and cover
are of steel and the valve head
is available in synthetic rubber
designated AE 20 or in stainless
steel designated AE 20S.
AE 10
The Spirax AE 10 is an automatic
air eliminator suitable for application
on liquid lines.
Spirax
balance pressure steam traps (BPT-21,21Y,MST21,BT6)
The BPT 21/AV 21 is a Thermostatic
Steam Trap/Air Vent fitted with
an inbuilt flat strainer screen
having 0.8 mm diameter perforations.
These traps are mainly used on Steam
Tracing application. When installed
at the end of steam line or process
equipment, BPT traps functions as
steam trap and when installed on
steam line header, it acts as air
vent.
Thermostatic
Instrument Tracer Steam Trap MST
21
The MST 21 steam trap is a maintainable
balanced pressure trap designed
for small condensate loads usually
associated with instrument tracing
applications. Manufactured in stainless
steel it is corrosion resistant
and is easily maintainable.
Spirax
inverted bucket type steam traps
(HM00, HM10, HM12, HM 34)
HM
34 Cast Steel IBST
The Spirax HM 34 cast steel inverted
bucket steam trap is designed for
horizontal pipelines. It is maintainable
inline and is available in sizes
15 NB, 20 NB and 25 NB.
HM 00, HM 10, HM 12 IBST
The Spirax HM series of cast iron
inverted bucket steam traps are
designed so that they can be fitted
into horizontal pipelines. They
are maintainable inline and are
complete with integral strainer
screen.
Spirax
sight glass –single/double window,
SG13, SG 20, SG20T.
The ''Spirax Marshall'' Spiraview
is a novel product that allows you
to visualise the flow of steam,
water or oil inside pipelines. The
visualisation of flow helps diagnose
problems occuring in equipment upstream
or downstream of the Spiraview.
Spiraview overcomes the problems
of poor visibility and improper
distinction between vapour and condensate
flow by using a deflector plate
to separate the vapour and condensate.
This new design is ideal for applications
in which one wants a clear indication
of flow, such as downstream of paper
drying cylinders, in DM water lines
or monitoring steam traps and heat
exchangers.
Spirax
Strainers F12/14/32 & Fabricated
strainers .
One Spirax Strainer upstream of
every trap, control valve, and flowmeter
can save you a bundle in annual
maintenance and wear & tear
costs. Available in Y or T type
designs, our Strainers remove suspended
grit from steam and condensate that
would otherwise damage your downstream
equipments with no additional pressure
drop.
FIG 12 Strainer
The FIG 12 Y-type Strainers with
stainless steel screens have 0.8
mm diameter perforations as standard.
Available sizes and pipe connections
:
15 NB, 20 NB and 25 NB Screwed BSPT/NPT
40 NB & 50 NB Screwed BSPT/NPT
FIG 14 Strainer
The FIG 14 Strainer is available
in the following sizes : 25 NB,
40 NB & 50 NB
FIG 32 Strainer
FIG 32 Strainers are available in
cast iron/cast steel with stainless
steel screen and have 0.8 mm diameter
perforations as standard.
Available sizes and pipe connections
:
Cast Iron FIG 32 Strainer - NB 40,
50, 80,100, 150 & 200. Flanged
Cast Steel FIG 32 Strainer - NB
40, 50, 80, 100. Flanged
'Spirax Sarco' ST - 3S
Strainer
The ST-3S Strainers with stainless
steel screens have 0.8 mm diameter
as standard.
Available sizes and pipe connections:
15 and 20 NB Screwed BSPT/NPT,Socket
weldable.
The Fabricated Separator is available
in the following sizes : 15, 20,
25, 40, 50, 65, 80, 100, 125, 150,
200, 250 & 300 NB.
Spirax
Moisture Separators.
Moisture in steam blocks heat transfer.
In compressed air, it fouls your
application. Spirax separators are
a simple and effective way to improve
both your processes. Installation
upstream of pressure reducing valves
and steam meters ensures accuracy
and a long mechanical life.
Spirax
Safety valve.
Safety valve model SV 11 is a high
lift safety valve with gun metal
seat, valve and body and brass internals
suitable for use on steam, air and
water.
Available sizes and pipe connections:
20, 25, 40 & 50 NB. Screwed
BSPT.
Disc Check Valve
Spirax Disc Check Valves are recommended
after traps discharging into closed
systems to guarantee against return
or spill back. DCVs feature a compact
and rugged stainless steel design
and are suitable for any process
liquid & gas, not just steam.
Main advantage of these check valves
is they can be mounted between pipe
flanges in any direction.
DCV3
DCV3 Disc Check Valves are designed
to be sandwiched between flanges
i.e. wafer type. They are suitable
for use on a wide range of fluids
for applications in process lines,
hot water systems, steam and condensate
systems etc.
DCV 4 Wafer Check Valve
The DCV 4 Disc Check Valve is designed
to be sandwiched between ANSI flanges.
It is suitable for use on a wide
range of fluids for applications
in process lines, hot water systems,
steam and condensate systems etc.
Spirax
pressure powered pump package unit
Hot condensate still contains 25%
of the energy you used to make steam
in the first place. And since condensate
is distilled water, it makes perfect
boiler feedwater. Our positive displacement
pressure Powered Pump is the heart
of a money and energy saving Condensate
Return System.The PPP pumps condensate
without electricity, using just
a small blast of steam or air pressure,
even under vacuum and stall conditions.
Due to its sealed & gland-less
design, the collected condensate
can be pumped immediately, without
waiting for it to cool, and with
no risk of cavitation
Pressure Powered Pumping
Packaged Unit (PPPPU)
Pressure Powered Pumping Packaged
Unit is a positive displacement
pump unit operated by steam, compressed
air or pressurized gas. The unit
is specifically designed to pump
hot liquids of specific gravity
1.0 down to 0.9. This unit is a
complete solution to collect condensate,
pump it to desired level and destination,
to measure the condensate temperature
and meter the condensate quantity.
PPPPU has to be preceded with properly
sized flash vessel depending upon
the condensate parameters.
Spirax
pressure reducing valve (DP-23,
DP 143)
Steam should be used at lowest possible
pressure. ''Spirax'' Pressure Reducing
Valves (PRV) can be installed with
required other accessories at places
where complete station cannot fit.
Dependng upon the steam flowrate,
inlet pressure and desired outlet
pressure, PRV can be selected and
sized.
Pressure and temperature control
can be achieved simulateneoulsy
by installing ''Spirax'' DP 17 T
model with proper sizing of the
product for process parameters.
Spirax
direct acting temp. controllers
(TR121,128 with SB/NS valves)
Many types of steam plants need
to be fitted with some form of temperature
control. In any process, product
quality is often dependent upon
accurate temperature control, while
heating systems need to be thermostatically
controlled in order to maintain
optimum comfort conditions. From
an energy saving point of view,
the ideal temperature is obviously
the lowest, which can be accepted
for any given application. Spirax
self-actuated temperature controllers
TR121 control the temperature of
the process within an accuracy of
+/- 2deg C by controlling the flow
of steam.
37 D Temperature Control
The 37 D is a self operated temperature
control for use on steam. By virtue
of its pilot operation, it has a
comparatively small control brand.
TR-121 Temperature Controller
The self actuating temperature controller
TR-121 offers cost effective temperature
control for steam and water.
Available Sizes and Pipe Connections
are : TR-121 with 15, 20 & 25
NB 'SB' valve 40 & 50 NB 'NS'
valve.
Spirax
Spiratec steam trap monitor R2T
with sensor chamber.
A leaking trap is a liability. In
an average process industry, one
bad trap can lose up to 9 tonnes
of steam per year! (subject to steam
and trap parameters) We designed
the Spirax Spiratec system to monitor
every trap in your plant, so you
can be sure that leaks are pin-pointed
immediately. Sensors mounted upstream
from each trap can detect trap failures
in both the open (live steam passing)
and closed (water logging) position.
Signals from the sensors can be
monitored either with a hand-held
indicator or through the several
Spiratec online steam trap monitors.
Spiratec R 2 T
The Spiratec R 2 T is an automatic
steam trap monitor for two steam
traps. Remotely mounted, it continuously
scans electronically up to 2 Spiratec
Sensor Chambers and indicates when
steam wasteage or waterlogging occurs
at any of the traps being monitored.
The R 2 T which is continuously
operating, will indicate at a glance
that either all the traps are operating
correctly, or that there is a failure
of any particular identified trap
or traps.
In addition to the trap performance,
it also continuously monitors and
displays the temperature at which
the condensate is being removed
from the steam space, giving valuable
information about process efficiency.
R2A is the same product as R2T but
available with Audible Alarm facility
when the trap fails.
Forbes
Marshall Piston valves & Rotary
Joints.
FM PISTON VALVE is a zero leak isolation
Piston Valve, in which the seat
& gland are replaced by Lower
& Upper Sealing rings along
with a Piston. This overcomes the
difficulties usually associated
with the replacement of conventional
seats.
The FM Piston valve is the name
for prevention of inline leakage
as well as leakage through glands,
making for leak proof isolation
in the pipelines.
The
FM Piston valve is a seat less &
gland less Piston Valve. At the
heart of the FM piston valve are
Piston & sealing rings. A burnished
piston seals against SS reinforced
graphite rings to achieve a leak
proof shutoff. This unique design
ensures a long life even at high
temperatures up to 427 deg C.
A
Burnished piston is connected to
the Piston Valve stem & hand
wheel. The piston passes through
two sealing rings separated by a
lantern bush. Each sealing ring
is Stainless steel reinforced graphite,
which has both features of sustaining
compression exerted by Bonnet &
providing soft seal against piston.
The upper sealing ring acts as a
conventional gland packing and prevents
leakage towards atmosphere. The
lower sealing ring acts as the seat
which prevents in line leakage.
The lantern bush is required to
maintain separation between the
upper & lower rings & to
allow flow through the Piston Valve.
FEATURES :
Larger effective sealing area :
Leak proof isolation - Class 6 shut
off achieved.
Durability - Piston unexposed to
media
Absence of Gland & Seat
Maintenance friendly - Uniform sealing
rings on both the sides & maintenance
can be done without removing the
Piston Valve from the pipe line.
(On-line Maintenance)
User Friendly - It does not need
Piston Valve Key
The Only Scrap Free Piston Valve
Self Lubricating
Self Cleaning
RANGES :
FORGED CARBON STEEL (A105) WITH
SS INTERNALS
15 NB, 20 NB, 25 NB, 32 NB, 40 NB
in socket weld ends as well as Screwed
BSPT /NPT Ends
For socket weld ends,
Max Operating Pressure : 78 kg/cm2
Max Operating Temperature : 427
deg. C
Cold Hydraulic test pressure : 156
kg/cm2
For Screwed Ends,
Max Operating Pressure : 31.64 kg/cm2
Max Operating Temperature : 427
deg C
Cold Hydraulic test pressure : 63
kg/cm2
CAST CARBON STEEL (ASTM A 216 WCB
) WITH SS INTERNALS
50 NB, 65NB, 80 NB, 100 NB, 125
NB, 150 NB, 200 NB in Flanged ends
with ANSI CL.300,
Body design conditions : 42 kg/cm2
at 427 deg C
Max working conditions :39.5 kg/cm3
at 300 deg C
Cold Hydraulic test pressure : 79
kg/cm2
PISTON VALVE STANDARD
ANSI B 16.34 , API 598, API 602
,IBR / N IBR
APPLICATIONS
Thus FM Piston valve is the right
solution for on-off duties not only
for STEAM but also for LPG, AMMONIA,
ACIDS, ALKALIES & THERMIC FLUIDS.Advantages
FM PISTON VALVE is energy saving
isolation valve, preventing above
all types of valve leakages &
increasing the life of the valve.
It is gland less & Seat less,
so it gives relief from the problems
associated with seat & gland
packing.
The
Heart of the FM piston valve is
Piston & sealing rings. A burnished
piston against Stainless steel reinforced
graphite rings gives leak proof
shutoff, which ensures long life
even at high temperatures up to
427C.
Piston valve is operative friendly,
means with little amount of effort,
valve can be operated. It eliminates
the need for any valve key to tighten
the valve.
Maintenance
can be done easily & quickly
i. e. internals can be removed without
removing the valve body from the
main line. This minimizes the plant
downtime
In this way , FM Piston valve is
the right solution for on-off operation
not only for STEAM but also for
THERMIC FLUIDS, AMMONIA, LPG, ACIDS,
ALKALIS etc..
Spirax
Piston Actuating valve (PAV).
The spirax range of piston actuated
valve a competitive solution for
on/off control applications by combining
many key benefits in one valve.
A unique quality product designed
to meet our customers needs offering
reliability combined with high performance
shut-off.
Simplicity is the key to providing
a product that will suit the needs
of a wide range of industrial applications.Special
Features
• Suitable for saturated steam up
to 9 bar.
• Heavy duty actuator with 360 rotation.
• Visual indication of valve position.
• Pilot media air or water.
• Wide choice of connection options
in screwed/socket welded Ends.
• Replaceable PTFE soft seat provides
tight shut-off.
• Available with SS 316L body.
Piston Actuated Valves
PAV Operating:
These compact on/off valves provide
tight shut-off by utilising a PTFE
plug seal. Valve stem sealing is
achieved through self-aligning PTFE
chevrons to maximise sealing integrity.
These Valves ensure leak proof isolation
up to the range of ANSI class VI.
(i.e. bubble tight shut off)
Normally
closed and normally open versions
are available plus a version for
special bi-directional flow and
anti-water hammer
Applications is available. Additional
options include a flow regulator,
travel switch and directly mounted
solenoid pilot valve.These valves
can be used on a wide range of media
including steam, air, oil and other
fluids, and can operate at a maximum
temperature of 180°C and pressure
ratings of PN 25 (upto 1")
& PN 16 (11/2" & 2").Normally
Closed:
These valves are designed for flow
over the seat (port 1 to 2).
Not recommended for water-hammer
prevention.Normally Open:
These valves are designed for flow
under the seat (port 2 to 1).
Can be used to prevent water-hammer
on valve closure in liquid applications.Bi-Directional
Normally Closed:
These valves are designed for special
applications that require flow in
both directions (port 1 to 2 or
port 2 to 1) and incorporates an
anti-water hammer design for liquid
applications flowing under the seat
(port 2 to 1).
Spirax
Pipe Line Connector PC01 with UTD3
(2&3 valve).
UP
1 Pipeline Connector
The UP 1 is a pipeline connector
with integral stop valve which is
isolated upstream of the steam trap.
The stop valve is a piston type.
The UP 1 pipeline connector is designed
for use with swivel connector steam
traps. The UP 1 is available with
an optional connection for the drain/blowdown/depressurisation
of pipe work upstream of the stop
valve. Each body has two of these
connections, one at the top and
one at the bottom to allow the UP
1 to be used in any flow direction.
UP 2 Pipeline Connector
The UP 2 is a pipeline connector
with two integral stop valves which
isolates upstream and downstream
of the steam trap. The stop valve
is a piston type. The UP 2 pipeline
connector is designed for use with
swivel connector steam traps. The
UP 2 is available with an optional
connection for the drain/blowdown/de-pressurisation
of pipework upstream of the first
stop valve. Each body has two of
these connections, one at the top
and one at the bottom to allow the
UP 2 to be used in any flow direction.
Deaerator
head, Insulation Jacket.
Fitted on your feedtank, the Spirax
Deaerator Head mixes cold make-up
water, hot condensate, and flash
steam in a single stainless steel
(SS) head to get the most out of
your captured heat. Cold make-up
water atomizes in the mixing head
releasing 90% of dissolved oxygen,
a primary source of downstream corrosion.
The single head design eliminates
the need for cumbersome sparge pipes.
Pressure
Reducing Station, Flow Meters, TD3S
Since the majority of pressure reducing
valve problems are caused by the
presence of moisture or dirt, a
Moisture Separator and Strainer
with fine mesh screen are fitted
before the valve. The strainer is
fitted on its side to prevent the
body filling with water and to ensure
that the full area of the screen
is effective. All upstream and downstream
pipework and fittings must be adequately
sized to ensure that the only appreciable
pressure drop occurs across the
reducing valve itself.
''Spirax'' Pressure Reducing Station
(PRS) is the solution for your Steam
Pressure Management needs.
Meter every unit of steam, generated
or distributed. After generating
the steam is distributed to various
sections from the main steam pipe/heater.
But it is necessary to know the
exact steam consumption in the individual
departments within the production
plant or in the individual production
lines. Any indicated increase in
steam consumption above the accepted
norm for a given production rate
will indicate some inefficiency
developing in that section of steam
using production plant, which can
be investigated and remedied. The
other perhaps obvious reason for
the monitoring of steam consumption
is the ability to operate accurate
cost accounting for a specific product
line. The steam flow meter Accuflo
is the perfect tool for providing
exact information about the steam
consumption and steam quality.
Spirax
Sarco Vaccum breaker (VB14 / VB
21), Steam Injector, APT-10/14/HC
The VB 14 is a small purpose designed
vacuum breaker for general purpose
applications on condensing vapour(steam)
or liquid systems.
Spirax Steam Injectors are available
in three sizes to cover most of
direct steam injection requirements.
They ensure quiet but vigorous mixing
of steam and feedwater to drive
off the dissolved oxygen content
down to approximately 2 ppm. This
action minimises the amount of oxygen
scavenging chemicals required. The
temperature of the feedwater is
maintained at a high steady level
for smooth boiler operation.
Spirax Sarco steam injectors use
steam to raise the temperature of
water or other liquids. The injector
draws in cold liquid, mixes it with
steam inside the injector and distributes
the heated liquid in the tank. In
many applications the circulation
induced by the injector is an advantage
ensuring thorough mixing and avoiding
temperature stratification.
Spirax
Sarco Bellow Sealed valves(BSA)
Spirax Sarco’s range of bellows
sealed stop valves provides an environmentally
sound solution to on/ off stop valve
needs.
The bellows sealed design ensures
stem seal leaks are totally eliminated,
meeting the most stringent worldwide
emissions legislation. This capability
is vital to maintain plant safety,
save energy and promote a cleaner
environment. Zero emissions are
guaranteed.